![]() We will explore the potential for practical application of this information to strategies that maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state ( 27), and discuss appropriate field measures and the extent that these can guide an athlete’s training.Arterial Pressure as a Key Outcome VariableĪrterial blood pressure is one of the most extensively studied hemodynamic variables following exercise, and much of the literature on cardiovascular recovery following exercise has focused on postexercise hypotension. Given the depth and breadth of current information on this topic and results of several recent reviews ( 23, 24, 38, 45, 47), this review will focus on the hemodynamic adjustments and underlying mechanisms that occur in response to acute bouts of aerobic versus resistance exercise, with most attention on those adjustments that are sustained for more than 20 min after exercise. This work has focused largely on measurable and clinically relevant outcomes (e.g., blood pressure), the mechanisms that control and regulate these outcomes, and the situations and conditions in which the measurable outcomes differ (due to competing or mitigating influences). However, over the last two decades, many intricacies of recovery have been uncovered through mechanistic studies, often performed in humans, and the growth of knowledge in this area has been strong ( 24). Over the latter part of the last century, our understanding of the cardiovascular system in recovery from exercise grew modestly. Furthermore, some of these changes during recovery from exercise may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. Thus, it could be argued that the recovery period is equally important as the exercise stimulus. Some of these changes observed in recovery may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. Although exercise is a critical stress that drives the beneficial cardiovascular adaptations associated with routine physical activity, it is during the recovery period in which these adaptations take place. ![]() What is the importance of studying the cardiovascular system during recovery from exercise? Recovery of the cardiovascular system following exercise is not simply a return to preexercise rather, it is a dynamic period in which many physiological changes occur. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, recognized early on in Hill’s initial observations ( 35) on blood pressure responses following aerobic exercise. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising state or the resting state ( 44). Recovery from exercise refers to the time period between the end of a bout of exercise and the subsequent return to a resting or recovered state. We will explore appropriate field measures, and discuss to what extent these can guide an athlete’s training. ![]() Finally, we focus on the practical application of this information to strategies to maximize the benefits of cardiovascular recovery, or minimize the vulnerabilities of this state. Primary emphasis will be placed on the hypotensive effect of aerobic and resistance exercise and associated mechanisms that have clinical relevance, but if left unchecked, can progress to symptomatic hypotension and syncope. This review focuses on the most consistently observed hemodynamic adjustments and the underlying causes that drive cardiovascular recovery and will highlight how they differ following resistance and aerobic exercise. ![]() Furthermore, some of these changes may provide insight into when the cardiovascular system has recovered from prior training and is physiologically ready for additional training stress. Some of these changes may be necessary for long-term adaptation to exercise training, yet some can lead to cardiovascular instability during recovery. In this context, recovery of the cardiovascular system after exercise occurs across a period of minutes to hours, during which many characteristics of the system, even how it is controlled, change over time. It also refers to specific physiological processes or states occurring after exercise that are distinct from the physiology of either the exercising or the resting states. ![]()
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